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The Lancashire Heeler is a small breed of dog developed for use as a drover and herder of cattle. The Lancashire Heeler is still listed by the Kennel Club (UK) as a vulnerable breed.
The coat is harsh and smooth with an undercoat which keeps the dog dry in all weathers.It may have a slight mane round the neck in winter. The dog is usually black and tan, but liver and tan is now recognised by the Kennel Club. Females are preferably about 10 in (25 cm) high, the dogs usually being slightly larger up to a maximum of 12 in (30 cm). It weighs approximately 6 to 13 pounds (2.7-5.9 kg). They are slightly longer than height at withers. Ears can be tipped or erect.
The Welsh sheepdogs were often called "curs" until about the 1700s, when they broke into types, there were also dogs with short legs that became terrier type and others from about 1650 onwards. The shepherds of North Wales started, after the lambing season, to drive sheep to the North Midlands and across to Yorkshire - Welsh sheep were good and hardy. At this time, around the early 1600s there were markets all over England: not only sheep, but cattle, goats, geese and turkeys were driven over the rough tracks, for there were no real roads.
The Welsh shepherds had large dogs for the herding along the tracks, like the Welsh Hillman, The old Welsh Blue and the Welsh Collie, but to help them they had a short-legged long-bodied dog that nipped the heels of the laggard sheep or cattle. The cattle, and especially the sheep, must not be bitten, for this would lame them and reduce there worth. The sheepdogs and the herders were trained not to bite sheep or cattle, but the little dogs could nip them without doing harm. The little dogs were also used to hurry the slow one back into the herd or flock; they were not used to fetch wayward animals back onto the track: this was the job for the longer-on-the-leg dogs.
At the end of the drives, some of both types of dogs were left behind, or had wandered off. From the short-legged, Corgi type dogs left in Lancashire, in the town of Ormskirk (between Wigan and Southport) a type quite its own began to appear. By the 1790s a type of black-and-tan short-legged, prick-eared dog had appeared, much used by butchers for bringing a single beast to the slaughter-house. The early dogs of Ormskirk were long-bodied and short-legged; time passed and shepherds and farmers all over Lancashire took up the breed for general farm work, herding, rat catching, and rabbiting with nets.
The Lancashire Heeler has a life expectancy of 12 - 15 years or more. They are prone to certain inherited eye conditions, such as Primary Lens Luxation, Collie Eye Anomaly, Hereditary Cataract and Persistent Pupillary Membrane. Lancashire Heelers used to drive livestock by nipping at their heels. The general belief is that they originated from a cross between a type of Welsh Corgi and Black and Tan (Manchester) Terriers.
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