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The Canadian Eskimo Dog, otherwise known as the Qimmiq (Inuit for "dog") or what is considered to be the more politically correct Canadian Inuit Dog, is a larger breed of Arctic dog commonly found pulling sleds for their Inuit counterparts. However, as snowmobiles tend to be faster and more efficient, the Canadian Eskimo Dog is now a rare breed.
Appearance: The Canadian Eskimo Dog should always be
powerfully built, athletic, and imposing in appearance. It
should be of "powerful physique giving the impression
that he is not built for speed but rather for hard work".
As is typical of spitz breeds, it has erect, triangular
ears, and a heavily feathered tail that is carried over its
back. Males should be distinctly more masculine than females,
who are finer boned, smaller, and often have a slightly
shorter coat.
Coat and colour: The coat is very thick and dense,
with a slightly soft undercoat, and stiff, hard guard hairs.
It has a mane of fur around its neck, which is smaller in
females. They can be almost any colour, except brindle, solid
fawn, or only black. White with patches of another colour on
the head is the most common colour. Its coat may be pure
white, but cannot be albino.
Temperament: The Canadian Eskimo Dog's temperament
reflects its original work and environment. It is tough,
intelligent, and alert. It is affectionate and gentle, and
developes a deep bond with its owner and is intensely loyal.
Canadian Eskimo Dogs are best suited as companions for
adults, rather than children, as it is can be over-excitable.
Owing to their original environment, they take pure delight in
cold weather, often preferring to sleep outside in cold
climates. Like most spitz breeds they can be very vocal.
Care: Canadian Eskimo Dogs need a very large amount
of exercise. They cannot just be walked, they need higher
intensity work, requiring more exercise than many dog owners
can give. This need for work and stimulation also makes them
well suited for dog sports, such as carting, mushing, and
skijoring.
They are very trainable and submissive, unlike many spitz
breeds, as well as intelligent. The Canadian Eskimo Dog is
best kept in a cold climate, and is prone to heatstroke. Its
coat is fairly easy to care for most times of the year,
needing brushing only one or two times a week. However when it
sheds (which happens once a year) it will need grooming every
day.
History: The Canadian Eskimo Dog is generally
considered to be a very old dog breed, possibly as old as over
1000 years. It was first bred by the Thule people. Therefore
it is related to the Greenland Dog, so much so that some
authorities consider them the same breed. It was, and still is
(to a very limited extent), used by the Canadian Inuit as
multi-purpose dogs, often put to work hunting seals and other
arctic game, and hauling supplies and people. In the 1800s and
early 1900s this breed was in demand for polar expeditions.
When snowmobiles came into use the population numbers
started rapidly declining, because snowmobiles are faster and
need less care. In the 1950s there were approximately 20,000
dogs living in the Canadian Arctic, and had been accepted for
showing by both the AKC and CKC, however in 1959 the AKC
dropped the breed from its registry because of extremely low
numbers. By 1963 there was supposedly only one dog registered
with the CKC, and when this dog died there were still no
others registered.
It probably would have gone extinct if not for the Eskimo
Dog Research Foundation (EDRF). The EDRF was founded in 1972
by William Carpenter and John McGrath and was largely funded
by the Canadian Government and the Northwest Territories, with
some support from the CKC. The EDRF purchased dogs from the
small (about 200 dogs) population remaining in the Canadian
arctic from remote Inuit camps on Baffin Island, Boothia
Peninsula, and Melville Peninsula. The EDRF then began
breeding dogs in order to increase numbers.
The Canadian Eskimo Dog is still very rare, however it is
becoming more popular in arctic tourism, with an increasing
number of sled dog teams that serve tourists. This newfound
popularity is because tourists often enjoy seeing the dogs in
their natural environment doing what they are meant for. In
2001 the Canadian Eskimo Dog became the official provincial
dog for Nunavut.
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